In enlivening the spring of objective truth, which is undoubtedly Gazeta Wyborcza, there's a new trend. It applies to cases of old, but included a new aspect-worthy thing to notice, given the dogmatic jam masters of journalists.
In short - it comes to global warming.
D of the journal editors are now enlightened and educated stubborn pride themselves Polish society, according to a simple prescription. It's disgraceful, deplorable human species is responsible for the deplorable state of pramatki Gai. Why? Because the scientists say so. We have the hard evidence. Why? Because scientists publish them. Why are they scientific? Because scientists are scientists, not domorosłymi worshipers conspiracy theories, or inferior dziennikarzynami of competing titles.
anthropocentric theory of the impact of CO2 warming is so scientific and so true, scientific unction scientists themselves.
But ... ... what would the science itself?
B y compliment learning about scientific evidence and argument to scare the authority ("Why, it must be true because I wrote the scientist, and what he wrote, printed in Nature"), trza first know how science itself operates.
This mechanism has decided to introduce readers to the article "Can science lie."
And it brings this informative - and so does not treat the adjective "scientific" as a magic formula, enchanted in the dust, which blows into the eyes of ignorant people, dressed in a bandage from the iliac powyrywanych pages IPCC report, moaning holy indignation journalist - ideowiec.
So:
ever since learning does not give certainty. What's more, it is not said that scientists on global warming are right.
N e gives, since "Truth" in science is completely different (compatibility of rights in the accepted theory) than the "truth" in philosophy, and so imperceptibly - and our belief (which is absolute and dogmatic tone, as aimed at building our personal, subjective value). Similarly, as another of concepts such as "knowledge".
No but let's go further.
The editor notes that scientists can and many times they were wrong, that could be seduced owczemu momentum that they have feelings and emotions so you know.
Science may not be the ideal method of testing reality and preparing the courts for her, but we do not know better
I falls again to agree - at least in matters in which science actually tries to speak. It can therefore susceptible to damage mechanism and various zwieszki, but the mechanism that works and is pretty well. Science is so nice. Aug knows.
And suddenly, unexpectedly into the arena of the lecture about the science of global warming is entering the case.
reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are the essence of all published research papers on climate change (including those few that challenge the human influence on climate). It is our collective knowledge, as always incomplete and not entirely sure. The latest report estimates at more than 90 percent. the probability that the warming is responsible for the CO2 emissions from human activity .
Q uestions to my esteemed editor, therefore I am - and the theory of unifying the four fundamental forces in the universe we know, which merged so far only two of them are likely at 50%? How to succeed in the next turn it will be at 75%? The standard model of elementary particles - as far as the editor calculates the probability that true? At 95%? Maybe 87%? And the measure of the sets? In the event of experimental detection of the Higgs boson, the theory this will be confirmed 100%? Or maybe 99%? And if the 100% (which is probably the author himself had doubts) is like the evaluation is to declarations that they never have the certainty we will not?
Does science thesis puts the correctness of which an estimated percentage probability distribution? Maybe the author of any, indicate?
C y editor does not see the logic in his reasoning biscuit - since the percent probability, it must establish the scientific criterion for its evaluation, and those due to the structure of science (I never have the certainty we will not) be contrary to percent estimation, because those based on a finite and known number of cases under which the estimate. So the elements that you do not have the science available. We can determine the probability theory that throwing the dice, we will fall 5 and 6 Because we know their distribution. We know how many sides has a cube (we assume that 6) - do we know how many sides has a cube climate? How many throws made and whether they are representative? Do we even throw the dice, and if we throw it how many? We do not know. And the author is aware of this.
About other Stat we can assume that this poetic comparison, a metaphor that the IPCC uses to illustrate the scale of the threat. But keep in mind that this panel is not a scientific body - the researchers just sit there, and reports of this work (often rotten) compromise.
szacunkowość And if reports are not scientific, and the result is a metaphor - it's kiego esteemed editor, writing about science posiłkuje trust the methodology of science that has nothing in common? His argument that trust in science is based on unscientific argument. Too bad.
-You like to cuddle?-Zastrzygł antennae, wdrapując the railing benches. -Sure-narrowed his eyes without changing the position smażącego iguana. Zaszurał impatiently chitin and creaked "But why? -Bo when he feels safe - "I said. But after a while his teeth - is a version for sensitive pensjonariuszek. And the truth is that I have eternal hay fever and do not like to rub your nose in his own arm. froze for a moment. -cynicism unthinkable in my environment. -Why do not you cynics? No, no We have noses
Live from Golgotha \u200b\u200bThe Gospel according
J Akos so there is always that the Christmas holidays in the press there is a rash of articles about the person of Jesus Christ . There are always the same articles, which appeared a year earlier, mostly upgrades of a few novelties, too stale, but be controversial. While the creator of Christianity in the media is dosed seasonally, the forums of various kinds of ointment in the best blooms all year round.
argument in the discussions served to mostly anticlerical taste (not atheist, contrary imaginations of many), but with pretensions to being scientific.
N and despite the intentions of the critics that there was a historical Christ, the research methodology we apply, but apparently hold the water. Upon closer zabełtaniu it, hovering over the area begins fetorek unpleasant, and the whole swarm of flies hovering. Such is the fate together. Wdepnijmy her and us:
can not, according to critics, regarded as evidence for the existence of Jesus because:
first The New Testament is unreliable, because the brim filled with tales of miracles. second The new testament is incredible, because it is inconsistent with current knowledge of history. third New Testament and Christian literature is unreliable, because written for themselves, "from their point of view" 4th Pagan sources do not count because it created "a few dozen / hundred" years after the events, like the Christian documents.
Beautifully . Clear. Legibly. Let's play now and us apply these criteria to inszych events, with a smaller ratio of ideological colors.
T a can, something obvious, can Congress of Gniezno ? This is where Otto III came to the tomb and relics of St zamęczonego. Wojcecha, (supposedly) secular crowned Boleslaw was appointed Archbishop of Gniezno (administered by the brother martyr Gaudentego), the bishopric in Kołobrzeg, Krakow, Wroclaw. It is on the Bishop of Poznan Unger brought opposition canonical. So much in a nutshell.
main sources here are: Polish Chronicle of Gallus Anonymus, the Chronicle Thietmar Mersenburga, Yearbooks Hildesheimskie. Without them we would not know anything. What we know from these sources:
Polish Chronicle Gall Anonim: founded more than a century later the events described, is a hymn of praise in honor of Casimir Krzywoustego Brave and Bob (who is a model for Anonymous benefactor ), is ideologically dependent. Unfortunately we have only three of her manuscripts, which is the oldest comes only from the fourteenth century do not meet the points 3 and 4 There also meets a point, because Gall draws a lot of joy in describing the wonders (and this miraculous multiplication of pig, and a spectral knights) and anegdotkach, cites conversations at which he could not be, the whole reads like a fable, not a chronicle of our point view. So? Into the trash!)
Thietmar Chronicle: Mersenburga as a modern Bishop Brave seems to be a worthy source. However, we must stick to our criteria, and fairly marked by its hostility to the Poles (which is true to the ear of Henry II), which may push him to conceal, indeed manipulate the facts. And we view as the holders of the scientific and programmatic skeptical - do not trust and węszymy trick. So - falls under section 3 (ideological dependence.) However, it completely negates the point 1, the Chronicle is a directory of the most bizarre and outlandish situations paranormal miracle of miracles, where the bishop likes spisywaniu. Many times it is mistaken, and writes a simple untruth (as a good example in the book makes up power, saying that it was Emperor Henry I). So - point 2 Not only that, fabulist, it's still kłamczuszek:)
Annals Hildesheimskie: of 1000, so we are interested in relate to the period (such Gall Anonim totally not interested in dates). Just what were they powypisywali!? Archbishopric of Gniezno not only in Prague, the initiative does not Boleslaw the Brave Boleslaw only Czech! Well, since we rejected the previous source, it behooves accept these (the anger foolish historians, who apart from a few exceptions such as Frieda and Wasilewski, accept and Thietmar versions Anonymous). But do not lose heart! Annals of these, it is late compilation, extract from a lost original from the year before the 1065th Besides the numerous interpolacjami. And so the text manipulated. We would like the source of relief and throw into the trash.
And what are we left with the Congress of Gniezno after the criteria that we used previously to the work of Christian, Jewish and pagan concern ing the historical Christ? Well, nothing:)
congratulate and welcome the cruel fact that this methodology is not widely accepted, because there is nothing we would not know the truth about his past:)
In sum, it is interesting denial of the existence of Jesus. Even leading anticlerical Deschner, with pain, but admits rystusa Ch. Co mine to reject that fashion existed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, promoted by some (inferior) theologians, froze in the 20s Currently, the twentieth century, as theologians, only one known (as claimed by Deschner) insists on the name of this thesis. Of course, we will be more Marxist historiography, but it eventually ceased to insist that Christ did not exist, there lived, not taught, and generally a patchwork of Christian keypads (Jaczynowska confirms this.)
But the museum, it seems, remains in pretty good:)
In t is what life is - a man busy and overwhelmed with daily tasks to the soil, inevitably miss the intellectual wealth of new works by Cameron. But do not lękajta gray nieczytająca, mindless fat - goes in the rescue of us the text you Bendyk. Therefore, it will put the whole truth about what is the Avatar - and it is a multi-level, a brilliant treatise on man's intertextual condition. Goes out malcontents who loiter on the screening laughed. I will ask a few texts at home. And at the beginning: film takes place on Pandora, a distant planet on which people come to the raw materials needed for the continuation of civilization.
J ak already deconstructs the themes and message of some story, you might want to know where this is not happening. And this does not happen on the planet Pandora. Pandora is in Cameron is not a planet, just the moon. And so - picking on-but it is clear from the film itself. So write an article about disputes film, which is not watched carefully. A fe.
Worthington, aka Sully jumps between its biological and human homes and the virtual avatar body, arguing that the twenty-first century, all boundaries, including międzygatunkowymi, have only a contractual nature.
C iało avatar is not virtual. It is the most tangible mięcho are living, though heaven. Virtual, so unreal, just imitating reality (or re-defines it) is apparently Mr. dictionary editor and his concept of the word "virtual." Or is it the fact that Worthington takes on the character of virtually Sullego? All very well - then how can decipher the meaning of all this, many complex sentences? Post-modern, witty play with the reader:)
Character heroes, both real and virtual, are devoid of any psychological depth, and the same story in addition to fairy-tale themes converts most clues already been consumed by the cinema and popular culture. (...) Apparently it's all true, but does the most wonderful special effects are enough to lure crowds to the cinema audience, from which, as the Americans carefully counted, more than 60 percent. consists of people over the age of 25 years?
A than misses, followed by the brilliant analysis will see "M is for love," which screens the Twin lure 8.5 million people in the age range similar to that of the Avatar (if true). I hope that in the story, and here the author finds some anthropological and philosophical tropes posthumanistyczne. By the way, you are trying to Bendyk exploited Avatar suggesting that it collapses on the auditorium doors and windows more mature, more intelligent, because having a quarter-century the neck. Masters of Pixar certainly felt sad and felt unappreciated, because they can be interested in their application the full range of moviegoers-the granddaughter of the grandfather. Not treating the least of these as thoughtless idiots. As he would say classic - how to write stories? Just like adults, only better:)
Is James Cameron after it for decades have kept his dream, and waited for the right moment to finally create another, banal story of the struggle between good and evil?
S yndrom decimal numbers - something must be thoughtful and intellectually attractive, because I waited Ileś dozen years. Cameron's film is delightful, because he has dozens more special effects than the other, is a masterstroke, because he has a dozen more effects Ileś 3d. This is monumental because it was issued Ileś dozen more green than other films. It is a breakthrough, because as the author himself says: "More than half of the footage of" Avatar "wykreowały computers, only 40 percent. Has its source in" live action "." we live therefore, in an era where Ileś shares worth tens of RDP, has taught us to think quantitatively, not qualitatively. And what
is the answer to this question? Cameron himself is responsible - in the mid-90s would cost 400 million movie, so I waited for the development of technology. Banal story does not become less trivial, because the author waited until he comes out now its telling.
In favor of Cameron, and against his critics argue przemądrzałym not only a wide stream flowing U.S. dollars in ticket sales.
P owracający argument about the number of spectators at first thought the forum, pimply teenager skomentowałby old, reliable "people shit Ride, 100 billion flies can not be wrong." :)
Anyway, interesting is the issue related to the way of arguing with malkontentami, where the movie did not like. these arguments are built on a dogmatic, brooked no opposition and the discussion of the fact that this movie has to please (not necessarily trza crow with delight, but be content trza after screening). If you do not like it, arguing such a fan is not looking for flaws in the film, or an opponent's argument, but in the critics - in this case, that the malcontent is smart. This - Mr Editor, is the argument ad personam, and the discussion is weak. Reception However usubtelnić film, referring to the reading of recent years such as "The World Without Us" by Alan Weisman, "The Revenge of Gaia" (Revenge of Gaia), or James Lovelock's "Downfall," Jared Diamond.
T OC and it may be, the way the author, called smart over-interpretation of the works of Cameron. Usubtelnić in this way can absolutely all films, each species and quality. All you need is an adequate number of books read and superficial, out of context similarity.
The way this is Captain Planet cartoon stock the personalization of consumer fears, prosperous, western societies are struggling with miasmata "rampant anthropocentrism" as says the author. A Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, is exaggerated, "a redefinition of the evolving culture for hundreds of years in the humanist paradigm." Etc. etc.
These studies storm cheerful view of human civilization, built on the biblical injunction that man subdue the earth. The man left the paradise, the area of \u200b\u200bdivine harmony, free from violence and passion, to fully realize their nature, capable of both good and evil.
"P AREA divine harmony" was not free from violence and passion. On the contrary - if it was free, there would be no sin in it, and finally go out and wandering outside of man's paradise. Man does not "implement fully its nature," outside the paradise, because according to the picture which the author cites (and this is a picture of Judeo-Christian) can be implemented fully only in it - a paradise, a place where he lives with God. So in spite of suggestions of the author, the fullness of his nature, man has already executed in paradise, which led to his eviction.
not known However, where a man fell to the head, that in exchange for the loss of paradise has become a crown and the lord of creation, a sort of divine governor on the ground.
In where t is - the divine order that was given to him in paradise. Simple. If we stick to the Judeo-Christian Convention, then let's be consistent and do not pretend that the answer is not, since it is lined up straight.
rampant anthropocentrism effectively driven the development of human civilization, on the occasion of becoming the basis of shared fairly widely held belief that the goal is to support the existence of the world man and his growing needs. Eyes Na'vi representatives, looking at Cameron in the marching vanquished people, saying what Weisman, Lovelock and Diamond in his books: the future well do without man.
About or representatives Na'vi looking in Cameron defeated the marching men said something completely different: only with the help of people (the main character of et consortes) have any future. Anyway, it was the scene of horribly naive, illogical and emotionally simplistic. It was surprising that someone under it builds an argument about man's condition.
we are not concerned about that man threatened ecosystem, he endangers himself.
B anal truism that dazzle us with every other horror, sci-fi movie or television drama ecological Class B, C and D. Only in contrast to Cameron's film was not shot in the tens and hundreds of millions and does not pretend that it is a deeper message.
Such criticism is "Avatar," a cinematic story that further questions about the essence of human nature and logic of the development of human societies: or more in a man good or bad? Is the growth of capitalism depends on the interplay of greed and violence, or whether it is possible to less sinister alternative?
M otyw discussed millions of times by various sorts cartoons, horror, drama, sensation, detective stories, films, and not just social. What do they differ from the work of Cameron? Well-formed not by tens and hundreds of millions. And there are 60% computer generated.
Frederick Jameson, a prominent American scholar of contemporary culture, in the book "Archeologies of the Future" (Archeologie future) Recalls that, as Ernst Bloch taught, the greatest scholar of utopian thinking, utopia is the dream of a better world. The problem is, however, that dream is built along with its vision of an alternative, better world can not tear themselves away from actual reality. Being, as the sums marksowsku Jameson, determines not only awareness, but also dreams. That is why the attempts to implement a utopian project usually ends in disaster, as an alternative to reality is even worse than herself. And while utopias turn out to be rooted in the dream of a very strong instrument of criticism reality.
Such criticism is "Avatar,"
D mother discourse, which can be summarized as: a man builds a utopia, it always gets in the ass. This is very innovative, very fresh and certainly the first time operated in Avatar. Question - where we find in the work of Cameron's theme failed experiment to create utopia? Because that Cameron wanted to present a utopian commune pandoriańską - can be accepted. But this utopia has been in the light of the story and defended the director intended. As it is, therefore, the above citation to the content of the film? Nohow. But knowledge can be proud of some matches.
Man kicked out of Pandora's no choice: he must return to Earth. In preparation for a hard landing has to get rid of the temptations of anthropocentrism, because if he wants to save his own humanity and its future, has to change in ekocentryka.
T of some misunderstanding. man was not thrown out of worms - at least our brave soldier survived. Ceased to be a man? Interesting question.
This thesis is built on terribly naive, not to say - childish scene from the film, which wraps up pompous (and fashionable) ideology.
People do not need to take the attitude ekocentryka do not have to return to Earth - in the same system, what's the moon, Pandora, there are other moons ready to live. Do not have to change to survive, contrary to the assurances of the author, who uses big words, not noticing how plots and psychologically it is a vulgar scene.
fact that people do not need to change, does not eliminate inszego problem - whether it is the right attitude.
not a matter of bringing to the banners of naive environmentalism. The matter is serious, because it requires a profound redefinition of the evolving culture for hundreds of years in the humanist paradigm.
M imo assurances that it is not a naive environmentalism, but a couple of spells with no content, the author does not offer anything in return. Besides - it will always be a humanistic paradigm, without the species homo sapiens will not survive, pretending that it can be changed, it was utopia.
However, it is increasingly difficult to defend not only for practical reasons, but also in relation with more and more evidence that the boundaries between species and forms of existence are becoming more fluid, as in Cameron fluid are the boundaries between forms of reality, and how elusive is in fact a barrier separating the living earthlings Pandora Na'vi.
D here until the author will not bring his thoughts with all responsibility, you can say it's gibberish.
So a project to create a culture and posthumanistycznej ekocentrycznej same time is just another utopia, which implementation will lead to disaster?
A in the film led to disaster? No. So why question? I do not know. Is the movie telling an attempt to create a culture and poshumanistycznej ekocentrycznej who did not succeed? No. So why question? I do not know.
fairness, if the author simply wrote a review of the books mentioned above, rather than trying to give the wider context posiłkując film, which has no such aspirations.
Scott Derrickson, working on a screen adaptation of "Paradise Lost" John Milton, however, already knows that the film, which is slated for release in 2011, made will be a three-dimensional technique.
J est is a kind of a sad summary of the whole article. No matter what you tell - because and so it can absolve under-everything was. It is like telling a specifically - how technologically advanced it is. You can always absolve the magic - you need to know how to use the "technical potential Dream Factory," as says the author .
